Passive distraction test for SLAP lesion
Video source Rationale: Puts the long head of biceps on maximal passive stretch and then pulls on its labral anchor. If the superior labrum is torn, that traction peels it away from the glenoid and reproduces deep joint pain. Technique Starting position: The arm is elevated to 150° in the coronal plane, with the elbow extended and the forearm supinated. The upper arm is stabilized so the humerus can’t rotate. The forearm is then gradually pronated. Positive sign: Pain deep in
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Likelihood Ratios: A Quick Guide
Every orthopaedic special test comes with numbers attached. Sensitivity and specificity are the familiar ones, but likelihood ratios are the better way to judge whether a test can actually rule a condition in or out. Here's a short guide, with quick reference tables at the end. Sensitivity and specificity Sensitivity is the percentage of people with the condition who test positive. A highly sensitive test rarely misses the condition. Specificity is the percentage of people wi
Jerk test - posterior shoulder instability
Video source Rationale: Drives the humeral head straight backward against the posterior glenoid rim. Technique Starting position: 90-degree abduction and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, and 90-degree elbow flexion. The examiner applies axial force through the humerus. The tested shoulder is adducted while the axial force is maintained. The examiner stabilizes the scapula with another hand during this process. Positive sign: Sudden posterior shoulder pain and a c